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History : Advent of the Europeans & Ascendance of the British
Portuguese Rule
Discovery of the New Sea Route
- The Cape route, was discovered from Europe to India by Vasco da Gama. He reached the port of Calicut on the May 17. 1498, and was received by the Hindu ruler of Calicut (known by the title of Zamorin).
- This led to the establishment of trading stations at Calicut, Cochin and Cannanore. Cochin was the early capital of the Portuguese in India. Utter Goa replaced it.
- Alfonso d’ Albuquerquearrived in India in 1503 as the governor of the Portuguese in India in 1509 (The first governor being Francisco de Almeida between 1505-09). He captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur in 1510.
- Nino da Cunha(1529-38)— transferred his capital from Cochin to Goa (1530) and acquired Diu and Bassein (1534) from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat
- Martin Alfonso de Souza(1542-45) —the famous Jesuit saint Franrisco Xavier arrive in India with him
Dutch
- Formation of the Company in March, 1602, by a charter of the Dutch parliament the Dutch East India Company was formed with powers to make wars, conclude treaties, acquire territories and build for tresses.
- The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatam (1605). Pulicat (1610)-. Surat (1616), Bimilipatam( 1641), K.arikal( 1645), Chinsura (1653). Kasimbuzar.Baranagore, Patna. Balasore. Negapatam(all in 1658) and Cochin (1663).
- The Dutch replaced the the Portuguese as the most dominant power in European trade with the East, including India. Pulicat was their main centre in India till 1690, after which Negapatam replaced it. The Dutch conceded to English after their defeat in the battle of Bedera in 1759.
Danish
- The Danes formed an East India Company and arrived in India in 1616. They established settlements at Tranquebar (in Tamil Nadu) in 1620 and at Serampore (Bengal) in 1676.
- Serampore was their headquarters in India. They were forced to sell all their settlements in India to the British in 1854
French
The French East India Company was formed by Colbert understate patronage in 1664. The first French factory was established at Surat by Francois Caron in I66H.
A factory at Masulipatam was set up in 1669. The French power in India was revived tinder Lenoir and Dumas (governors) between 1720 and 1742.
They occupied Mahe in the Malabar, Yanam in Coromandal and Karikal in Tamil Nadu (1739). The arrival of Dupleix as French governor in India in 1742 saw the beginning of Anglo- French conflict (Carnatic wars) re- sulting in their final defeat in India
English
Before the East India Company established trade in the India. John Mildenhall a merchant adventurer, was the first Englishman who arrived in India in 1599 by the over land route, ostensibly for the purpose of trade with Indian merchants.
Popularly known as the ‘English East India Company’. it was formed by a group of merchants known as the “Merchant Adventures’ in 1599.
Following the decision of the East India Company to open a factory at Surat (1608), Captain Hawkins arrived at Jahangir’s court (1609) to seek permission.
An order letter was issued by Jahangir permitting the English to build a factory at Surat (1613). Sir Thomas Roe came to India as ambassador of James I to Jahangir’s court in 1615 to obtain the permission to trade and erect factories in different parts of the empire.
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